Infants Secure Attachment To Different Caregivers Social Work Essay

Infants Secure Attachment To Different Caregivers Social Work Essay Experience of early childhood attachment is at the base of healthy child development and works as the framework for the intimate relationship with others. Early manner of communication between the caregiver and child shapes the attachment relationship. The outcomes of infant attachment considered to be long-term and influences generations of families. According to Bowlby who developed theory of infant-caregiver attachment, attachment security characterizes the confidents of infants in their caregiver, and can be observed through how they interact with their caregiver and how they make use of the caregiver as a secure base to explore their environment (Brown, McBride, Shin Bost, 2007). Attachment theory, therefore, has been regarded as the major structure for the research of mother-child attachment, and it also might offer a practical approach for examining attachment development between other caregivers and infants. Nonetheless, in spite of a number of researches on mother-child att achment has conducted, we still are unfamiliar with attachment relationships between other caregivers such as a father and adoptive parents. Because of the socioeconomic changes that have occurred in the United States during the past three decades, more mothers, with infants, work outside the home and, in many cases, new roles for fathers within the home increased, and many couples with a variety of reasons decided to adopt children also increased. Therefore, this paper explores whether an infant can develop secure attachment to a caregiver other than their primary caregiver, usually mother, and then how father and foster mother-infant attachment relationship different from ordinary infant-mother relationship. Importantly, sensitivity has been considered as a key predictor for secure caregiver-infant attachment. Despite the fact that the relatively few researches studying the attachment relationship with fathers, some studies on father-child attachment suggests that fathers can give sensitive care, an important factor for developing secure attachment, for their children as much as mothers can; therefore, the level of attachment between father and child appears to be comparable to that usually found with mothers (Brown et al., 2007). Moreover, Brown et al. (2007) found that when fathers employed favorable parenting activities, father involvement time does not seem to affect on secure father-child attachment. More specifically, infants tended to form quite secure attachment relationships despite the fact that either their fathers were more involved or disinvolved. When fathers, on the other hand, employed less sensitive child-rearing, increased father involvement was associated to an insecur e father-child attachment (Brown et al., 2007). Therefore, father-child attachment is influenced by fathersà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ parenting quality, and increased involvement is better for building attachment only when it accompanied by positive parenting. In addition, another research showed that fathers who valued the parental role were more tend to have a secure attachment with infants, but this connection was marked only when fathers have positive marriage, conceivably because these fathers are more prone to be given helping hand from their partner (Wong, Mangelsdorf, Brown, Neff Schoppe-Sullivan, 2009). Yet interestingly, fathers who valuing the paternal caregiving role might promote secure attachment of temperamentally difficult infants, for such fathers may be tend to support them with daily child-rearing activities and be adjusted to emotional needs of their infants as well as their other demands. Accordingly, temperamentally difficult babies would be more prone to attach securely to fathers in this circumstance. Even though all adopted children go through a stressful disjointing from their attached figures and are replaced with new attachment figures in the foster family, they are also able to develop and become attached to their fostering families. Jeffer and Rosenboom (1997) examined 80 mothers and their infant from all over the world, adopted between at age of 6 month and 8 month olds, in the Strange Situation when they were 12 and 18 months to evaluate their attachment. According to their study, they found more secure infant-mother attachment than insecure attachment relationship as normally expected. The actual proportion of secure attachment at both 12 and 18 months were approximately 75%, so secure attachments observed this research seemed to be stable over time (Juffer Rosenboom, 1997). Another study of attachment between foster parents and infant also demonstrated that quality of mother-infant attachment in middle-class foster families was comparable to the result of families with only biological children; however, interracial adoption were more likely to have less secure caregivers- infants attachment (Singer, 1985). It might be explained by which families who adopt children of a different race than themselves are less likely to receive hearty support from extended family, friends, and neighbors than are families who adopt children of the same race. Higher rates of insecure attachment also have found among infants who spent as a minimum of 8 months in a Romanian orphanage and then placed to foster families. Infants who adopted at an earlier age, by contrast, do not appear to have an elevated rate of insecure attachment to their adoptive parent (Chisholm, 1998). From these results, although adopted age of infants seems to be a critical factor whether they develop secure or insecure attachment to foster patents, adopted infants are capable of attaching to their new caregiver, and in turn, adoptive parents are responsive enough so that they can meet their adopt ed babiesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ needs and be a their lighthouse as well. Since infants can develop securely attached relationship to other caregivers, the long term effects such as resiliency to new environments and having positive behaviors and expectances are assumed to be similar to which mother-infant relationship likely to have. Even though the comparison of attachment in foster and non-foster families was reasonably resemble, the outcome sometimes do not exclude the potential importance of insecure or disrupted post-infancy family relationships as a source for the adjustment problems of the adoptee. The study showed that when children reached to school age, they faced to the reality of adoption and begins to be aware of their circumstances, including being abandoned by their parents. Consequently, they often feel frustrated, doubtful, and become insecure to their current families relationship (Singer, 1985). Nonetheless, it appears that the higher occurrence of troubles accounted later on in such families cannot be explained only by attachment probl ems of earlier life because early secure attachment counteracts to these problems and buffers the negative emotion to some degree. In conclusion, infants can develop secure attachment not only to their mothers but also other caregivers, including fathers and adoptive parents. It seems that infants can become attached to any caregivers, provided that those caregivers interact with them on a regular basis, provide physical and emotional care, and are emotionally invested in the child. Sensitivity plays crucial role in secure attachment development between caregiver and infant; on the other hand, the amount of time parents involves in parenting appears to be less related to secure attachment development. The similar positive outcome of secure attachment can be expected to the attachment relationship among father- and adoptive parents-infant. Children are born prepared to form relationships with those who care for them, and those early experiences influence the relationships that they develop within the family and in the greater world outside of the home. Consequently, relationships affect childrenà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s healthy development, and childrenà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s development, in turn, transforms their later fine relationship.

Physics Lost Insulation

Why loft insulation is needed? Loft insulation is the most cost-effective energy efficiency measure that can be installed. It can reduce heating costs up to 20%. The purpose of them is to hold the heat below within the property, reducing heat loss to the roof void and outside but also reducing the amount of heating needed to maintain the property at an ideal temperature. With insulation, the property will be warmer, more comfortable and it will cost less to heat. How loft insulation reduces heat loss? Heat will always flow from a warm area to a cold one.The colder it is outside, the faster heat from your home will escape into surrounding air. Glass fibre is laid across the loft to reduce heat transfer out of the roof. Glass fibre traps air and trapped air is a poor conductor therefore reduces heat transfer from the ceiling to the loft by convection and conduction. How the thicknesses of the loft insulation affect heat loss? As you increase the level of insulation in the loft, it will slow the rate of heat loss and maintain the comfortable temperature for longer.Installing 290mm thick insulation can save up to approximately 20%, compared to thin insulation which is only 14% The pay back time is long term Generally, loft insulation cuts loft’s u value rom around 2. 3 (for an uninsulated loft) to 0. 16 W/m2K, a reduction of around 95%. A more specific example is sheep wool. It shows for sheep wool over 140mm, it has a U value of 0. 16 compared to over 250mm, it has a U value of 0. 11 showing how thickness can affect heat loss greatly.

Assignment 3R: Workplace Skills Essay

Save this file in your course folder, and name it with Assignment, the assignment letter, the section number, and your first initial and last name. For example, Jessie Robinson’s assignment 1R for Section 1 would be named Assignment1RJRobinson. Type the answers to the assignment questions below. Use complete sentences unless the question says otherwise. You will have more than one day to complete an assignment. At the end of each day, be sure to save your progress. Review Lesson 4 of the Course Overview for instructions about turning in your assignments. Assignment Questions In Section 3, you learned about workplace skills. Now, you’ll apply what you learned. 1. Imagine that you are a manager judging the performance of your employees. Describe at least two ways that you could find evidence of an employee’s skills and attitude. (2-4 sentences. 2.0 points) I could watch how well they work together for getting along is a skill, I would also look at the outcome of whatever it is they are doing, to see what the finished product is. 2. Which aspect of professionalism do you feel that you are strongest at? Explain why you think so. (1-3 sentences. 2.0 points) I think behavior is, because in order to get the job done right you must  behave yourself and know how to control your attitude and thoughts. 3. Which aspect of professionalism do you feel that you are weakest at? Explain why you think so. Describe at least one thing you could do to improve at it. (1-3 sentences. 2.0 points) I personally think all of them are equally important. 4. Choose a company you know of that you think is good at innovation, and describe at least one innovative thing the company has done. (1-3 sentences. 2.0 points) Apple is good at innovation for they are always coming up with new technology, the iPhone is one of these things. 5. Describe two real or made up situations in the workplace when you would need to use speaking skills. (1-2 sentences. 2.0 points) During a presentation, or when you’re pitching an idea. 6. Describe two nonverbal signals used in the workplace that you or people you know use, and explain what you think those signals mean. (1-2 sentences. 2.0 points) Maintain good eye contact because it allows them to know you are paying attention and having good posture. 7. Describe two real or made up situations in the workplace when you would need writing skills. (1-2 sentences. 2.0 points) Preparing a presentation, or writing an important email. 8. Describe a real or made up situation that required negotiation. (1-3 sentences. 3.0 points) When one company has a similar idea or product that will possibly out do your product you would try to negotiate them. 9. If you were a manager, which management style do you think you would use most often? Explain why. (1-3 sentences. 3.0 points) I would use the participative approach for they involve their employees with decisions.

Business Plan - 2833 Words

Contents Introduction 2 Operational Strategy 2 Environmental Audit in Existing Markets 3 PESTEL - Italy 3 PESTEL China 4 PESTEL - UK 5 Porter 5 Forces – Italy 6 Porter 5 Forces – China 7 Porter 5 Forces - UK 7 Product Life Cycle 8 SWOT Analysis 8 Internationalization - Pakistan 9 PESTEL – Pakistan 9 Porter’s 5 Forces – Pakistani Market 10 PORTER’S DIAMOND AND TOYS â€Å"R† US IN PAKISTAN 10 Entry Strategies for Pakistan 12 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction Boffi is a renowned high end luxury furniture manufacturing company with a diverse product range. Having its origin in Italy, it was founded in 1934 by Piero Boffi. Boffi has been operating for the past 70 years with its presence in countries such as Australia, Austria,†¦show more content†¦Legal Environment Similar to the Italian economy, the UK economy also imposes high taxes on manufacturers which is a major drawback for all companies operating in this country. Porter 5 Forces – Italy Bargaining Power of Buyers – Due to presence many SMEs the bargaining power of buyers is high due to availability of choice. Bargaining Power of Suppliers – Due to the fact that external suppliers and agents are costly to do business with, Boffi is in control of its entire value chain; rendering the bargaining power of suppliers to be low. Threat of Entry – There is existence of competition in the market – small and medium enterprises also have capabilities and huge advantages of entering the market, making the threat of new entrants into this market high. Substitute Products – There is existence of competition such as IKEA who offer substitute products, making the existence of substitute products high in the market. Competitor Rivalry – There exists many competitors in the market such as Bulthaup, Varenna and local Craftsmen making competitor rivalry high. Porter 5 Forces – China Bargaining Power of Buyers – Due to the need of buyers to improve their life style and standard of living, the bargaining power of buyers is high. Bargaining Power of Suppliers – The number of suppliers in the market are less, hence making the bargaining powerShow MoreRelatedBusiness Plan For A Business Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbrand-new business, expand an existing company, or get financing for a business venture, you will need to write a business plan. A business plan not only lends your business a sense of credibility, but also helps you to cover all your bases, increasing your chances of success. Although writing a business plan can be a lengthy, intimidating project, it is not necessarily difficult. Here is an overview of how to write a successful business plan. 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Killing Reconstruction American Exceptionalism And The...

Killing Reconstruction; American Exceptionalism and The North’s Rise to Power Pulitzer Prize holding biographer of president Woodrow Wilson’s biography, Scott Berg, described the future foreign policy of southern diplomats and federalists such as Wilson, to have been formed by the trauma experienced during the course of The Civil War. The Confederate south was left in a state of constant ruin, with infrastructure and the economy in recession, morale and dignity torn, and in a racial transgression crisis. The presidential election in 1876, was meant to solidify the desired theme of political, economic, and social unity and sustainability in the United States, a supposedly liberated state with respect to the Constitution and legislative†¦show more content†¦An analysis composed by Heather Cox Richardson, Harvard Graduate and professor of history at Boston College, speculates the key reason for deserted Southern reconstruction and integration of black Americans in to the politico-economic order was rooted in the North’s fear of anarchic/Communist ideology enlightening African American workers if industry was established in the south. The events involving foreign affairs and socialist revolutions, primarily in France with the creation of a workers collective, was disconcerting to the industrial corporate sector in the north, whose lobbying and executive precedence was vast but not in favor of the majority of middle class workers*(Independent Document 2). Thus, these fears of Union rule translated into the propagating of the media, sensationalizing the harms of African American integration into the political order, especially in the legislative branch of the federal government, as compromising capitalist industry and implementing state sponsored Communism. Likewise to the previous contention, the 19th century media can be a primary indicator of the cultivated fear implemented through social conditioning. An issue of The New York Times in 1871 described Parisian

Characterization Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald

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The 21st Amendment free essay sample

The 21st Amendment The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the sale, manufacture, and trade of alcohol, and this amendment was canceled by the Twenty-first amendment. The 21st amendment allowed alcohol to be sold, manufactured, and traded legally as long as it abided by state laws. The Twenty-first Amendment gave the States complete control over whether to permit importation or sale of liquor and how to structure the liquor distribution system. The Repeal of the 18th amendment ended fourteen years after prohibition. The reason the 21st amendment was put in the constitution was because the 18th amendment failed to eliminate the consumption of liquor. Although consumption was reduced, officials couldn’t stop the illegal manufacture and sale of bootleg alcohol. People who opposed prohibition argued that the liquor ban encouraged crime and disrespect for law, and it gave the federal government too much power over peoples personal lives. We will write a custom essay sample on The 21st Amendment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During the Great Depression, prohibition also took away liquor taxes and millions of jobs in the liquor industry. At its national convention in 1932, the Democratic Party adopted a platform calling for repeal of prohibition. Congress proposed the repeal of Prohibition on February 20, and it was fully ratified on December 5, 1933 The 21st amendment affects our everyday life because it allows us to buy and transport alcohol (for those 21 or older). Because of this amendment, we have so many beer and liquor companies and industries today that we see on TV. Because the 21st amendment gives the states control over alcohol, today, Georgia prohibits sale of alcohol on Sundays. Also, the 21st amendment is the only amendment that repealed another amendment in the constitution, and it is also the only amendment in the constitution that was by state conventions.